Canada’s emerging freedom of navigation conundrum

Canada has a number of Arctic maritime disputes, most notably with the United States over the status of the Northwest Passage and whether they are internal waters conferring full sovereignty as Ottawa asserts or are an international strait sanctioning transit rights for foreign vessels as Washington argues.
Satellite image of the Northwest Passage, Jan. 29, 2016. Further complicating the matter is that Canada’s Arctic waters claims, specifically the drawing of strait baselines around the Arctic Archipelago designating them as internal waters, rely on similar legal rationales to those used by Russia with respect to the Northern Sea Route and China regarding the Qiongzhou Strait (between Hainan Island and the Chinese mainland).
Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs) are regularly conducted by the United States Navy globally, challenging ‘excessive maritime claims’ of coastal states which they accuse of illegally constraining Freedom of Navigation (FON) for commercial and/or military vessels. Those conducted in the S...

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